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Mahroof, R.M., Amoah, B.A., & Wrighton, J. (2018). Journal of Economic Entomology, 111(1), 470–481.

Ozone is a highly oxidizing gas with insecticidal activity and a potential alternative to conventional fumigants such as phosphine and methyl bromide. This study determined concentration-mortality and time-mortality relationships for the merchant grain beetle exposed to 100–400 ppm ozone. Mortality generally increased with concentration and was higher when insects were treated without food; eggs were the most tolerant life stage and larvae the least tolerant in the absence of food. The results suggest ozone could be an effective alternative fumigant for managing all life stages of this pest.